Comparison Of Bureaucratic And Non Bureaucratic Organisations Commerce Essay Example For Students

Examination Of Bureaucratic And Non Bureaucratic Organizations Commerce Essay The Style of bureaucratic association has completely unique development as correlation with the non bureaucratic associations. The bureaucratic way is favored because of its capable way of removal yet for the new and little and normal size associations no bureaucratic way is generally mainstream. Here are comparings between these two: Outline1 Suitability:2 Use of Human resources:3 Creativity and Invention:4 Operational control:5 Time Saving:6 Motivational degree:7 Structure:8 Communication and approaches and processs:9 Preferable Organization:10 Advantages and Disadvantages:11 Advantages of Non-Bureaucratic Organization:12 Disadvantages of non-Bureaucratic Organization:13 Decision: Appropriateness: Bureaucratic way is progressively appropriate for huge association yet for new little and normal size association the non bureaucratic way is increasingly fit Utilization of Human assets: In the non bureaucratic the HR are all the more viably and quickly utilized by the association as correlation with the other way. Inventiveness and Invention: As the non bureaucratic associations is increasingly adaptable condition so the more open doors o imagination and creation is in non bureaucratic as correlation with bureaucratic associations. ( Stamm V B: 2008 ) , Operational control: In the bureaucratic associations the control offer for activities are circulated while in non bureaucratic there is a brought together offered of control for the tasks of the association. Efficient: In bureaucratic associations there is truly long connection of offer and when the request is given by the higher approval from top to down level it takes more clasp to pass on while in the non bureaucratic direct requests are given from the higher approval to the auxiliaries so as to obtain oneself created reaction. It takes not so much clasp but rather more clasp to work is dedicated. Persuasive degree: The level of thought process is truly elevated in non bureaucratic way on the grounds that the immediate requests are given from the top degree and more wagess and handle is given by further extent to the auxiliaries straight while in bureaucratic way the top degree has only occasionally convey directly to the auxiliaries. ( Sapru R.K: 2006 ) Structure: Non bureaucratic development is progressively unstable as correlation with the bureaucratic development. Correspondence and approaches and processs: In bureaucratic there is hapless level of imparting while in non bureaucratic the level of conveying and go throughing data from top to hurl off is a lot snappier and quicker. Be that as it may, In bureaucratic way there are composed paperss of strategies and processs and if any activity comes they can choose it by using that approaches and processs while it is missing in non bureaucratic association. As in bureaucratic associations there are more approaches and processs which are trailed by the workers and they feel no opportunity and less propelled condition as correlation with on bureaucratic associations where individuals are increasingly roused and progressively productive to do the association progressively effective. Ideal Organization: As talk about prior that the non bureaucratic association way is increasingly appropriate for nearly nothing and normal measured association while for higher or huge associations the bureaucratic way is progressively fit. While I have seen that in non bureaucratic way the flexibleness of work, imparting from top to down and inspirational level of the representatives are high so they pursue simple path the finish of the association. Anyway every association has its ain way and development and it is non simple to make up ones brain for an impossible to miss association that which development is best for them. After basic examination I will take non bureaucratic way in light of the fact that the persuasive calculate included it is the main point for my association and as rationale acquires innovation and innovativeness the association. .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .postImageUrl , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:hover , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:visited , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:active { border:0!important; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:active , .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u8e99861291249e 47785e971eaad93bf6 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u8e99861291249e47785e971eaad93bf6:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: China Between The Fall Of The KMT And Mao Tse-Tung EssayAs in 1995 Herzberg says During work the various elements which inspire individuals and not the same as those which make disappointment ** The variables which are regularly associated with making the occupation identified with occupation satisfier while the components which characterize the occupation setting ordinarily relates the occupation disappoints . ** Points of interest and Disadvantages: Each association has its ain way and each way has its ain points of interest and detriments. So these are as per the following: Favorable circumstances of Non-Bureaucratic Organization: Non bureaucratic association way is progressively adaptable and simple to follow the adjustments in any association. As the approval has direct conveying to the auxiliaries so the quick imparting makes the reaction faster and proficient. There is no long link of offer which spares the clasp and proficient utilization of HR at its strength. Representatives are progressively persuaded by wagess and handle by the higher governments straight which passing on the development and imagination in any association as the assurance and working ecological are increasingly adaptable so progressively snappier to follow the planetary adjustments which keeps the workers increasingly antiphonal and mindful to trail the hierarchical points. As there is no long pecking order so any representative can be given work with no clasp bound and spot load. So the representatives can take their ain endeavors and do assurance so as to complete the endeavor without holding up the higher approval consent. Burdens of non-Bureaucratic Organization: The main detriment is that the development is extremely casual there are non any troublesome and quick guidelines, strategies and processs in the composed signifier. There is lack of normalization so the occupations emerge in the association on similar issues can non be explained so the work power are included to set their contribution to work out the activity. As the centralization of offer of control make the workers to rely just upon the top approval or individual to help through the activities or endeavors of the association. Anyway every new little and normal association will look frontward to be spread excursion in the great beyond so this non-bureaucratic way ought to be changed into the bureaucratic way so as to deal with the endeavors and tasks of the association in progressively viable and effective way. Because of the nonappearance of legitimate processs and arrangements in the composed signifier in some cases it s extremely hard for the association to bring through the requests. Choice: Orchestrating to me the non bureaucratic way has some fringe over the customary bureaucratic way as it is progressively adaptable and simple to follow changes in this advanced way of age. Albeit each association has aits ain development fitting to its requests and size. Despite the fact that the non bureaucratic has a few burdens like inadequacy of normalization and nonappearance of composed arrangements and processs yet it is appropriate for the little and normal size associations. In any case while taking the way of an association it s all rely upon the nature and size and the main tasks which is completed by the association. At the terminal each non bureaucratic is transform into bureaucratic as it develops and picking up control more market divides. So in the beginning of any new concern the non bureaucratic way is embraced while it extend than there ought to be composed guidelines, approaches and processs which ought to be trailed by the representatives so as to work out the employments and to accomplish the significant points and finishes of any association. This

Timeline of Major US Public Land Laws and Acts

Course of events of Major US Public Land Laws and Acts Starting with the Congressional Act of 16 September 1776 and the Land Ordinance of 1785, a wide assortment of Congressional acts administered the dissemination of government land in the thirty open land states. Different acts opened up new domains, set up the act of offering land as remuneration for military assistance, and stretched out appropriation rights to vagrants. These demonstrations each brought about the principal move of land from the government to people. This rundown isn't comprehensive, and does exclude acts that briefly expanded the arrangements of before acts, or private acts that were passed to support people. Course of events of U.S. Open Land Acts 16 September 1776: This Congressional Act set up rules for giving terrains of 100 to 500 sections of land, named abundance land, for the individuals who enrolled in the Continental Army to battle in the American Revolution. That Congress make arrangement for allowing lands, in the accompanying extents: to the officials and troopers who will so take part in the administration, and proceed in that to the end of the war, or until released by Congress, and to the delegates of such officials and warriors as will be killed by the adversary: To a colonel, 500 sections of land; to a lieutenant colonel, 450; to a significant, 400; to a chief, 300; to a lieutenant, 200; to an ensign, 150; each non-charged official and trooper, 100... 20 May 1785: Congress authorized the primary law to deal with the Public Lands that came about because of the thirteen recently autonomous states consenting to surrender their western land asserts and permit the land to turn into the joint property of all residents of the new country. The 1785 Ordinance for the open terrains northwest of the Ohio accommodated their overview and deal in tracts of no under 640 sections of land. This started the money passage framework for government lands. Be it appointed by the United States in Congress collected, that the region surrendered by singular States to the United States, which has been bought of the Indian occupants, will be discarded in the accompanying way... 10 May 1800: The Land Act of 1800, otherwise called the Harrison Land Act for its creator William Henry Harrison, decreased the base available unit of land to 320 sections of land, and furthermore presented the choice of credit deals to energize land deals. Land bought under the Harrison Land Act of 1820 could be payed for in four assigned installments over a time of four years. The administration eventually wound up ousting a great many people who couldn't make the reimbursement of their advances inside the set time, and a portion of this land wound up being exchanged by the government a few times before defaults were repealed by the Land Act of 1820. A demonstration accommodating the offer of the place that is known for the United States, in the region north-west of the Ohio, or more the mouth of the Kentucky waterway. 3 March 1801: Passage of the 1801 Act was the first of numerous laws passed by Congress giving seizure or inclination rights to pioneers in the Northwest Territory who had bought lands from John Cleves Symmes, an adjudicator of the Territory whose own cases to the grounds had been invalidated. An Act giving a privilege of pre-emption to specific people to specific people who have contracted with John Cleves Symmes, or his partners, for lands lying between the Miami waterways, in the domain of the United States northwest of the Ohio. 3 March 1807: Congress passed a law giving seizure rights to specific pilgrims in Michigan Territory, where various awards had been made under both earlier French and British principle. ...to each individual or people in genuine belonging, inhabitance, and improvement, of any tract or package of land in his, her, or their own right, at the hour of the death of this demonstration, inside that piece of the Territory of Michigan, to which the Indian title has been smothered, and which said tract or bundle of land was settled, involved, and improved, by him, her, or them, before and on the main day of July, one thousand 700 and ninety six...the said tract or package of land in this manner had, involved, and improved, will be in all actuality, and such tenant or inhabitants will be affirmed in the title to the equivalent, as a home of legacy, in expense basic... 3 March 1807: The Intrusion Act of 1807 endeavored to dishearten vagrants, or settlements being made on lands surrendered to the United States, until approved by law. The demonstration additionally approved the administration to persuasively expel vagrants from exclusive land if the proprietors appealed to the legislature. Existing vagrants on empty land were permitted to guarantee as inhabitants of will up to 320 sections of land in the event that they enlisted with the neighborhood land office before the finish of 1807. They likewise consented to give calm belonging or forsake the land when the administration discarded it to other people. That any individual or people who, before the death of this demonstration, had claimed, involved, or made a settlement on any terrains surrendered or made sure about to the United States...and who at the hour of passing this demonstration does or do really possess and live on such grounds, may, whenever preceding the principal day of January next, apply to the best possible register or recorder...such candidate or candidates to remin on such tract or tracts of land, not surpassing 300 and twenty sections of land for every candidate, as inhabitants voluntarily, on such footing and conditions as will forestall any waste or harms on such terrains... 5 February 1813: The Illinois Preemption Act of 5 February 1813 allowed appropriation rights to every single genuine pioneer in Illinois. This was the principal law ordered by Congress which passed on cover appropriation rights to all vagrants in a speciï ¬ ed district and not just to specific classes of inquirers, making the strange stride of conflicting with the suggestion of the House Committee on Public Lands, which emphatically contradicted conceding cover seizure rights in light of the fact that doing so would support future squatting.1 That each individual, or lawful agent of each individual, who has really possessed and developed a tract of land lying in both of the locale set up for the offer of open terrains, in the Illinois region, which tract isn't legitimately guaranteed by some other individual and who will not have expelled from said an area; each such individual and his lawful delegates will be qualified for an inclination in turning into the buyer from the United States of such tract of land at private deal... 24 April 1820: The Land Act of 1820, likewise alluded to as the 1820 Sale Act, marked down the cost of government land (at the time this applied to land in the Northwest Territory and Missouri Territory) to $1.25 section of land, with a base acquisition of 80 sections of land and an up front installment of just $100. Further, the demonstration gave vagrants the option to acquire these conditions and buy the land considerably more economically in the event that they had made upgrades to the land, for example, the structure of homes, fences, or factories. This demonstration wiped out the act of credit deals, or the acquisition of open land in the United States using a loan. That from and after the principal day of July next [1820] , all the open grounds of the United States, the offer of which is, or might be approved by law, will when offered at open deal, to the most noteworthy bidder, be offered down the middle quarter segments [80 acres] ; and when offered at private deal, might be bought, at the alternative of the buyer, either in whole segments [640 acres] , half segments [320 acres] , quarter segments [160 acres] , or half quarter areas [80 acres] ... 4 September 1841: Following a few early seizure acts, a changeless acquisition law became effective with the section of the Preemption Act of 1841. This enactment (see Sections 9â€10) allowed a person to settle and develop up to 160 sections of land of land and to then buy that land inside a predetermined time after either overview or settlement at $1.25 per section of land. This appropriation demonstration was canceled in 1891. Furthermore, be it further instituted, That from and after the section of this demonstration, each individual being the leader of a family, or widow, or single man, beyond twenty one a years old, and being a resident of the United States, or having recorded his presentation of aim to turn into a resident as required by the naturalization laws, who since the main day of June A.D. eighteen hundred and forty, has made or will from now on make a settlement face to face on the open lands...is thusly, approved to enter with the register of the land office for the area in which such land may lie, by lawful developments, any number of sections of land not surpassing one hundred and sixty, or a quarter segment of land, to incorporate the living arrangement of such inquirer, after paying to the United States the base cost of such land... 27 September 1850: The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850, likewise called the Donation Land Act, if free land to all white or blended blood Native American pilgrims who showed up in Oregon Territory (the present-day conditions of Oregon, Idaho, Washington, and part of Wyoming) before December 1, 1855, in view of four years of living arrangement and development of the land. The law, which conceded 320 sections of land to unmarried male residents eighteen or more established, and 640 sections of land to wedded couples, split similarly between them, was one of the primary that permitted wedded ladies in the United States to hold land under their own name. That there will be, and thusly is, allowed to each white pilgrim or inhabitant of the open terrains, American crossbreed Indians notwithstanding, over the age of eighteen years, being a resident of the United States....the amount of one half segment, or 300 and twenty sections of land of land, if a solitary man, and if a wedded man, or on the off chance that he will get hitched inside one year from the primary day of December, eighteen hundred and fifty,

Finding Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD Near You

Finding Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD Near You BPD Treatment Print How to Find Dialectical Behavior Therapy for BPD Near You By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 18, 2019 Steve Debenport / Getty Images More in BPD Treatment Diagnosis Living With BPD Related Conditions DBT therapists are extensively trained to deliver dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder (BPD), a unique type of cognitive-behavioral therapy  that has been scientifically shown to reduce distressing symptoms of BPD, including self-harm and suicide attempts. DBT focuses on teaching behavioral skills like regulating emotions, living in the moment, tolerating distress, and  managing relationships with other people. DBT is done in both individual and group therapy sessions, in addition to phone coaching sessions.   Finding a Dialectical Behavior Therapist Near You DBT therapists can be hard to come by. However, there are a few resources that may help you with your search. The best place to begin your search is with the Clinical Resource Directory maintained by Behavioral Techâ€"an organization founded by Marsha Linehan, Ph.D. to train mental health professionals in DBT. This directory allows you to search for clinicians and programs that have gone through DBT training with Behavioral Tech, LLC, or the Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics at the University of Washington. The treatment programs can be searched for by state. You may also want to try the Association for Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies Find-A-Therapist directory. This database allows you to search for practitioners by name, location, population served, and specialty (there is a DBT option under specialty). This directory also includes international listings. If these databases are not helpful, try calling departments of psychology or psychiatry at local universities, colleges, or medical centers. Because DBT is an evidence-based approach to treatment, academic training departments will often include practitioners who have been trained in DBT. Another option is your local chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness. In addition, you may try looking up the government agency that addresses mental health needs in your area. This may be the Department of Social Services, Department of Mental Health, or a similar agency. These agencies may know of DBT therapists in your area and may be able to facilitate a referral depending on your needs. Be Sure to Talk to Your Doctor Its a good idea to talk with your primary care physician or psychiatrist about your desire to pursue DBT therapy. Your doctor can provide a referral and help confirm whether this is the best therapeutic approach for you.   Remember, remain an advocate for your mental health and be sure to choose a therapist that has proper DBT training and credentials.   Borderline Personality Disorder Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

5 visas para estudiar high school en Estados Unidos

Muchos padres de otros paà ­ses desean que sus hijos cursen un aà ±o de high school en Estados Unidos. Si eres uno de ellos y te preguntas quà © visa se requiere, debes saber que hay varias opciones.  Tambià ©n es importante saber cuà ¡l no se deberà ­a utilizar, ya que es una violacià ³n migratoria que puede dar lugar a problemas graves. En este artà ­culo se brinda informacià ³n sobre todas las visas americanas que permiten estudiar en Estados Unidos con anà ¡lisis detallado de cada una de ellas, con sus ventajas e inconvenientes y las visas que son derivadas de à ©sas. Ademà ¡s, se explica los posibles problemas de estudiar con una visa de turista. Tipos de visas americanas que permiten estudiar high school en Estados Unidos Son las siguientes: J-1, que es una visa de intercambio con un programa que permite estudiar.  F-1, que es una visa de estudiante acadà ©mico.F-3, una visa exclusivamente para mexicanos y canadienses.  M-1,visa para estudios vocacionales y tà ©cnicos.M-3, visa para estudios vocacionales para mexicanos y canadienses. Cada visa tiene sus propias reglas, por lo que debe saberse cuà ¡l es la que mejor se adapta a las necesidades de cada estudiante.   Visas J-1 para estudiar high school en Estados Unidos Bajo el nombre de visas J-1 de intercambio se encuentran programas muy diversos entre sà ­. Entre ellos, el que permite a los estudiantes internacionales realizar estudios de secundaria en los Estados Unidos. Sus principales caracterà ­sticas son: El dà ­a en que comienzan las clases el estudiante debe tener mà ¡s de 15 aà ±os de edad y menos de 18 aà ±os y seis meses. Ademà ¡s, como mà ¡ximo, el estudiante sà ³lo puede haber completado 11 grados (cursos) a contar desde el inicio de la educacià ³n obligatoria en su paà ­s. Mientras realiza sus estudios en Estados Unidos, el estudiante internacional no puede vivir en casa de familiares o de amigos de la familia. Obligatoriamente debe alojarse en un internado o con una familia estadounidense de acogida designada por los administradores del programa. Se puede estudiar en una escuela pà ºblica o en una privada, pero no se puede haber estudiado previamente en Estados Unidos ni con una visa J-1 ni con una F-1 en programas acadà ©micos por un aà ±o o en semestres de intercambio, pero sà ­ en programas de estudios de inglà ©s en verano o semejantes. Los estudiantes internacionales pueden, previa autorizacià ³n, participar en actividades extraescolares deportivas. Pero no pueden trabajar, salvo actividades esporà ¡dicas como cuidar nià ±os, conocido en inglà ©s como baby-sitting. Por à ºltimo, es imprescindible para obtener la visa J-1 iniciar los trà ¡mites a travà ©s de una organizacià ³n autorizada por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Es frecuente que fuera de los Estados Unidos existan organizaciones que colaboran con las estadounidenses para reclutar alumnos o facilitar la tramitacià ³n de  todos los papeles necesarios. Pero los patrocinadores reales de esta visa son siempre los expresamente mencionados en el listado de Designated Sponsor Organizations. Para encontrar los que aplican especà ­ficamente a este programa, en la opcià ³n de Program, clickar en la flecha y buscar  la opcià ³n de Secondary School Students. Se inicia todo el proceso contactando con una de esas organizaciones. En otras palabras, no se puede solicitar la visa al consulado o a la embajada sin tener documentacià ³n previa que obligatoriamente deben dar una de las organizaciones patrocinadoras. La visa F-1 para estudiar high school en Estados Unidos La visa F-1 es utilizada frecuentemente por los estudiantes internacionales que desean residir con un familiar, por ejemplo, tà ­os o abuelos, mientras està ¡n cursando sus estudios, pero la puede utilizar cualquier estudiante internacional de high school que no desee estar limitado por las reglas de la visa J-1, explicadas en el pà ¡rrafo anterior.   Para estudiar la secundaria con este tipo de visa hay que conocer las reglas: En primer lugar, sà ³lo se puede estudiar la secundaria, es decir, grados 9 a 12. No se puede solicitar una visa F-1 para cursar estudios en primaria. En segundo lugar, sà ³lo se puede cursar un aà ±o acadà ©mico por un mà ¡ximo de 12 meses. Este là ­mite sà ³lo aplica a escuelas pà ºblicas pero no a las privadas o a programas para estudio de inglà ©s. En tercer lugar, es  obligatorio pagar el costo de la educacià ³n a la escuela. Esto es asà ­ aà ºn cuando se trate de high schools pà ºblicas. Por ley no se puede ignorar este requerimiento. El costo varà ­a de escuela a escuela y puede ir de los $3,000 a los $10,000.   Y en cuarto lugar, antes de solicitar la visa es necesario contactar con la high school que debe emitir un documento que se conoce como I-20 para iniciarse asà ­ el proceso de la peticià ³n. Es decir, primero se es admitido y luego se solicita al consulado el otorgamiento de la visa. La visa F-3 para mexicanos y canadienses Los estudiantes mexicanos y canadienses  o los residentes legales que residen en Mà ©xico o Canadà ¡ y que residen a lo largo de la frontera on Estados Unidos y que desean realizar estudios en una institucià ³n fronteriza pueden solicitar una visa F-3, que es muy similar pero distinta en sus requerimientos a una visa F-1. Uno de las limitaciones mà ¡s importantes a tener en cuenta es que no se puede elegir estudiar en cualquier high school sino que la escuela elegida debe estar como mà ¡ximo a 75 millas de la frontera. Ademà ¡s, es obligatorio que el estudiante conserve su residencia en su paà ­s de origen. Visas M-1 y M-3 La visa M-1 permite realizar en Estados Unidos estudios vocacionales y tà ©cnicos, es decir, no acadà ©micos, por ejemplo, relacionados con Mà ºsica, Arte, Cocina, etc. Sus reglas son similares a las de la F-1, aunque no iguales. Para solicitarla primero es necesario haber sido  admitido previamente en el programa que se desea cursar y obtener el documento que se conoce como I-20 que debe emitir la escuela. Sà ³lo a continuacià ³n se puede pedir la visa M-1 en el consulado correspondiente. La visa M-3 es un hà ­brido entre la M-1 y la F-3 y permite a los mexicanos y canadienses que residen en una ubicacià ³n cercana a la frontera con Estados Unidos cursar en este paà ­s estudios vocacionales o tà ©cnicos. Visas derivadas de las de estudiantes y quià ©n se puede beneficiar de ellas En Estados Unidos, las  visas temporales de trabajo, de estudios, de intercambio o de inversià ³n permiten que los cà ³nyuges y los  hijos menores de 21 aà ±os que està ¡n solteros de las personas que tienen esas visas pueden acompaà ±arlos con lo que se conoce como una visa derivada. Por ejemplo, una investigadora con visa J-1 puede viajar a Estados Unidos con su cà ³nyuge, y à ©ste tendrà ­a una visa J-2. Sin embargo, en el caso que trata este artà ­culo, es decir, visas para estudiantes de high school, es altamente improbable que se solicite una visa derivada, por la edad del beneficiario de la visa.   Sin embargo, los padres del estudiante internacional no tiene derecho a una visa derivada. En otras palabras, no puede obtener una visa porque quiere estar en Estados Unidos acompaà ±ando a hijo o su hija mientras à ©ste està ¡ completando sus estudios. Error de estudiar en EEUU con estatus  de turista Por decisià ³n de la Corte Suprema todas las escuelas pà ºblicas està ¡n obligadas a admitir estudiantes que viven en su distrito escolar. Esto es asà ­ para evitar que los nià ±os indocumentados se queden sin escolarizar. Pero esta regla es a veces abusada por estudiantes internacionales que estudian en escuelas pà ºblicas cuando se encuentran en los Estados Unidos en condicià ³n de turistas, ya porque tienen una visa B2 o porque son ciudadanos de paà ­ses que pueden ingresar a USA sin visa. Cuando se produce esta situacià ³n se està ¡ cometiendo una violacià ³n migratoria y, si es descubierta o se sospecha de esta situacià ³n los oficiales migratorios en la frontera està ¡n autorizados para prohibirle el ingreso a Estados Unidos y a cancelarle la visa.   Asimismo se està ¡n dando casos en los que cuando se detecta una de estas situaciones tambià ©n se cancela la visa americana a los padres del estudiante, si la tuvieran.   Y lo cierto es que una vez que se produce la cancelacià ³n de la visa por esta causa no es fà ¡cil que el consulado emita una nueva. Por esta razà ³n y porque es una ilegalidad migratoria, los estudiantes internacionales de high school deben ingresar a USA con la visa correcta. La à ºnica excepcià ³n es cuando se ingresa de vacaciones y se asiste a clases con carà ¡cter recreacional y siempre por menos de 19 horas a la semana. Convalidaciones, homologaciones y salto a college A la hora de estudiar en un paà ­s extranjero es importante conocer las reglas de homologacià ³n de estudios tanto de Estados Unidos como del propio paà ­s. Estas son las organizaciones que pueden convalidar para estudiar en USA. Por à ºltimo, si despuà ©s de estudiar la high school se desea continuar en un college o universidad, estos son los requisitos que se piden para tener à ©xito en la admisià ³n. Es un proceso complejo que conviene empezar con tiempo de antelacià ³n . Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Significance Of The Agents Of Socialization Essay - 902 Words

9. Name and discuss the significance of four Agents of/Participants in Socialization. The four Agents of Socialization are the family, school, peers, and workplace. Family is a huge and very influential agent of Socialization, Families today are so vastly diverse and the environment a child grows up in has a lasting affect on them. Although children spent a lot of time with their family, a majority of their life is spent in school. School is where children are first introduced to authority outside of the home, and how they react is crucial. Peers are also another agent of Socialization, Influence is key in a peer group. Some peer groups alleviate pressure and stress in a good way, but others cause pressure and stress. The fourth agent of Socialization is the workplace. The workplace can be an uplifting motivational environment or a depressing environment. A person’s attitude about work contributes to their overall attitude about life. 10. According to Becker (â€Å"Becoming a Marijuana User†), what is the process involved for a person who becomes a habitual user of marijuana? Becker states, â€Å"An individual will be able to use marijuana for pleasure only when he goes through a process of learning to conceive of it as an object that can be used in this way† (5). Through his study Becker repeats several times an individual must learn how to use the drug. He also says a user must perceive the effects and enjoy them (3-4), or the user will discontinue using the drug. 11.Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Socialization1676 Words   |  7 PagesSocialization is defined as the â€Å"process by which individuals acquire thoughts, feelings, and behaviors â€Å"appropriate† to their positions in society,† (Rohall 149). Individuals experience socialization beginning the day they are born, and throughout most of their lives. 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Medium of Exchange Free Essays

Medium of exchange is what a buyer uses to purchase either a good or service from a seller, in most cases this is going to be money. Money is an accepted medium of exchange because we know that we will be able to obtain goods and services if we have the money to purchase them. Unit of account is used to measure and record economic value. We will write a custom essay sample on Medium of Exchange or any similar topic only for you Order Now This means that we use this when the amounts will be measured in dollars and not the quantity of goods. The store of value is when someone will keep the money that they have received for a good or service and spend it in the future on a good or service for themselves. One example of using money as a unit of account is my student loans. Right now there are no payments on the loans but in the future they payments will be measured in amounts of money. I do run my own business making jewelry when accepting payment for my jewelry I will use store of value which means that I will keep the money that I make selling my jewelry for future purchases that I may make. I may decide to purchase more supplies or even putting the money in my savings account to build up. When using money as a medium of exchange the one example that comes to mind is shopping at the grocery store. This is a place where money is the only medium of exchange and the money is always accepted for the groceries that one buys. How to cite Medium of Exchange, Essay examples

Comparison Between UK and US Health Care System

Question: Discuss the comparison between UK and US Health care system? Answer: Introduction The mainstream themes of study over the world are the health security systems. Their notoriety is anticipated not simply to the general human requirement for health security, moreover to the distinctive markers of the allotment procedures and subsidizing all around all through the world. These various sorts depend considerably on each nation's administration method for history, way of life, and level of developing. While a subject that has a great impact on the present and years to come, health security is an essential thought of the lawful and begin method for way of life in the US. In particular, openness health security is as often as possible drew out on TV news, saw all through administration ensures, and determined inside begin classes. This demonstrates that the United States' begin is enhancing closer to looking at better mindfulness health security (Fried and Gaydos, 2002). A typical confusion all through the US is that country who give national Medical legitimate considerat ion techniques, for example, northern piece of the U. S. Proclaims and the UK, give 100 % free Medical legitimate consideration. Though numerous options are putting forth absolutely free at the purpose of appropriation, for the most part, these national Medical legitimate consideration techniques give choices basically through the shows of inhabitant assessments. Individuals in the U. S. are considering enhanced government support in health security; in this way, it is critical to see how this could be accomplished and the impact it could have on a group (Lassey, Lassey and Jinks, 1997). This report is intended to evaluate two nations' medical care frameworks: the United Kingdom and the United States. These two nations have close conventional and social connections, yet concerning Medical legitimate consideration, the US and the UK are altogether distinctive. Since they change so remarkably, both nations could gain from one another to make better strategy and systems and therefore improve medical consideration accommodation to their particular individuals (Johnson and Stoskopf, 2010). Comparison between UK and US Health care system The current wellbeing and wellness frameworks in the UK and the US basically enhanced after Second Globe War. Experiencing comparative money related confusions in a post-war world, both government controllers educated government and social weight to give their specific populace better accessibility Medical consideration. They have since outlined rearward suggestions in their system improvement. The UK government's answer was an overall health consideration with one completely broad national health framework. This framework, the NHS, reacted to the UK individuals' quick prerequisite for a confirmation to health consideration openness when it began working in 1948 (Light and May, 1993). Toward the end of Second World War, it was the individual business in the US that generally tackled the obligation of Wellness great consideration openness. The US market saw a stable increment in health protection arrangement strategy organizations and applications, for example, the advancement of the government protection arrangement approach and state medicinal services program applications in the Sixties. Since the US doesn't offer overall Wellness great care, the individual wellbeing industry, alongside protection arrangement approach, decided a significant part of the unavoidable advancement toward the took care of great consideration action (Sharp, 2004). Though the United Kingdom and the United States' wellness methods contrast essentially in the phase of government commitment and open obligation, both systems work in the same path with respect to accommodation. Both typically utilize essential wellness care as the first component of availability and capacity under provincial, compelling, and specific subsystems. Despite the fact that these subsystems are taken care of by the administration in the UK and by individual organizations in the US, it is really in the obligation of dealings where there is a conspicuous refinement (Stahl, 2004). The UK populace have entry NHS health consideration highlights and administrations that are financed through basic tariff. Though medical care accessibility is offered and paid for by the government of the UK, it is the individuals, through assessment, who essentially pay for their own particular medical legitimate consideration. The NHS Plan anticipates significantly incorporate the patients and specialists in its future, yet the administration of the entire NHS framework truly fills in as a manager by the government of the UK (Klein, 2004). In the US, availability wellness consideration highlights and medicinal administrations are for the most part paid for by a blend of payers, associations, and individual commitment. The US health system relies on upon the capacity and strategy impact of both open and individual associations to work as a creative, free market. Though 44% of US wellness legitimate consideration costs is uninhibitedly subsidized, essentially all financing originates from individual houses as expenses, commitments, and pay-move rebate rates. Though medical legitimate care in the UK is taken care of by the administration and medical care in the US is principally taken care of actually, both generally are just made conceivable by the people. The primary changes are the level of blessing commitment and important assessments contrasted with non-reflex endeavours. The UK gives health consideration accessibility all utilizing an as a part of the same way run health and wellness accommodation program in the US, though the US is enduring the monetary weight on their without protection. Accordingly, the US has generally fizzled in furnishing People America with moderate health security choices and instruction on the effect it has on the economy (Petratos, 2005). Conclusion The U. S. is generally established upon its promise of the rights and privileges of its kin. Formal data is considered and acknowledged as a privilege to all in the US. Not just does the UK perceive comparable rights and rights as the US, yet it likewise contains the privilege to get proper accessibility health security. Also, pretty much as though one picks singular over gathering data in the US, one must have the capacity to pick singular over the gathering medical care in the UK (Henderson, 2002). Though there is an activity in the UK for higher commitment between the NHS and individual medical legitimate consideration, there is likewise an activity in the US for health security change that may comprise of the execution of an overall medical legitimate consideration framework. Accordingly, two health security strategies that have normally been respected at opposite completions of the assortment have begun to find better approaches for approaching their specific routines and have found favourable circumstances in the work and accommodation of one another. Thus, these systems are more indistinguishable than they are diverse, and their goal is the sameto give great, practical availability medical legitimate need to their specific group. References 1. Fried, B. and Gaydos, L. (2002). World health systems. Chicago: Health Administration Press. 2. Henderson, J. (2002). Health economics and policy. Australia: South-Western/Thomson Learning. 3. Johnson, J. and Stoskopf, C. (2010). Comparative health systems. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.. 4. Klein, R. (2004). Britain's National Health Service Revisited. New England Journal of Medicine, 350(9), pp.937-942. 5. Lassey, M., Lassey, W. and Jinks, M. (1997). Health care systems around the world. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. 6. Light, D. and May, A. (1993). Britain's health system. Washington, DC: Faulkner Gray's Healthcare Information Center. 7. Petratos, P. (2005). Does the Private Finance Initiative Promote Innovation in Health Care? The Case of the British National Health Service. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 30(6), pp.627-642. 8. Sharp, N. (2004). Washington Health Policy Institute: June 2004. policy polit nurs pract, 5(1), pp.55-56. 9. Stahl, M. (2004). Encyclopedia of health care management. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.

Social policy and the welfare state Essay Example

Social policy and the welfare state Essay Social rights were in the past developed in order to ease the most negative effects of early capitalism. The development of social rights was mostly understood as the result of attempts to make civil rights essentially work by removing the barriers that blocked the full and equivalent exercise of civil and political rights. Capitalist market relations, poverty and insufficient education tended to lessen these latter rights to mere formalities, a disagreement that formed the necessity for social policy. The development of the welfare state according to this explanation is the historical process by which members of a national community as citizens became inclusively permitted to the material promises of civil freedom and political fairness. There is surely that the expansion of social welfare has certainly contributed to the material promises of both civil and political parity. The more widespread post-war welfare states, whether they belong to the moderate, social-democratic or conservative regime surely meant a significant step in the improvement of the quality of life for various citizens. In the time of welfare development and consolidation, from around 1945 to 1975, the implication of citizenship was not much discussed; the significance of social citizenship was taken for granted and the motive for an extension of social rights seemed rather evident. While first published in 1950, Marshalls Citizenship and Social Class received little attention, particularly outside the United Kingdom. We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy and the welfare state specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy and the welfare state specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy and the welfare state specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For Marshall, of course, rights were critical to the nature of citizenship. Marshall divided them into three types: 1. Civil rights, that is, those rights necessary for individual freedom-liberty of the person, freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own property and to conclude valid contracts, and the right to justice, which are provided for, Marshall argued, by the legal system. 2. Political rights, such as the right to participate in the exercising of power as a member of a governing body or an elector of such a body, allowed for by the nature of the democratic system. 3. Social rights, such as the rights to welfare, education, security and well-being, as befits a member of civil society, and allowed for by the Welfare State. (T.H. Marshall, 1950, 75). Such definitions obviously change, and, as Dwyer stress, these differences tend to reflect ideological differences transversely political parties on the question of human nature. Dwyer was critical of Marshal, he asserts that people think the welfare state must not be just a channel to direct resources downwards, but must also be an organization of reciprocity, that offers good prospects and support for those who contribute, but do not waste resources on those who fail to do so. People must share an essential set of rights and tasks, which can mean receivers of welfare must put up with sure rules (Dwyer, 2004, 57). Whereas neo-liberals and neo-conservatives on the right underlines individual freedom and self-management above community or society participation, those on the Left invert the distinction. In all cases, although, issues have been heaved time and again on those concerns which are debarred from the discourse on citizenship rights. Marxist critics of Marshall have pointed to the absence of economic rights from his list. In the era of welfare reform and welfare cynicism, there has been much more discussion about, and contested explanations of, citizenship. At the same time with the rise of the welfare state crisis (a notion that must be used with great caution) citizenship arose as a central idea in many discussions, both scientific and supporting. It has been used by academics trying to grasp and explicate recent transformations in welfare states, by politicians reformulating the relations involving citizens rights and duties vis-à  -vis the state, among social organizations and social movements inquiring disintegrating and new forms of social consistency and community life and by global institutions such as the EU to name and frame the position of citizens concerning the nation-state and supranational levels of policy making. Within this framework Marshalls text on citizenship has been rediscovered. The historical sequence Marshall presented is uncertain. Marshall argued that citizenship consists of civil, political and social mechanism that corresponds to succeeding phases in the history of capitalist countries. Eighteenth-century civil rights recognized individual freedom, nineteenth-century political rights inducted political freedom, and twentieth-century social rights provided the foundation of social welfare. This series of citizenship rights suggests a comparatively autonomous development in which every new step of citizenship consequences progressively from a previous step. As a result, social rights are viewed as more advanced than political rights. Though, on closer inspection the association between various rights seems to be less sequential. The inspiration of sequence and progress is mainly relevant for current developments. What does welfare state economizing, for instance, mean for the assumption of the constant advancement of citizenship? Current developments show that citizenship rights do not mechanically develop in a more advanced form, but that drawbacks and backlashes might also occur. For instance, access to social security entitlements and the rank and terms of benefits has lately been limited in many European countries. Moreover, the excellence of social services, such as education and health care, has decreased in diverse countries, as there are sometimes long queues. Such developments endanger the idea of universality, as the expansion of the National Health Service in the UK clearly illustrates. Thus, it is not clear that social citizenship in itself is the end of a sequence. Instead, it needs to be endlessly re-evaluated and redefined. Though, the comparison between New Labours approach and that of neoconservative goes considerably deeper than shared rhetoric, though. For both, there is a strong temper to regard the replacement of voluntary activity for state-provided services within civil society (what Alexander calls the informal non-state) as both a political and a moral advance (Alexander 1995:34). Now, we do not doubt that there can be many instances where such agencies have a important role to play, but we are concerned that here as elsewhere in New Labours repertoire, there tends ever more to be a assertive insistence that the private sector and the assistance of independent not-for-profit organizations, should in principle be preferable to provision by the state. The obvious risk is that this project of redefining community as a congeries of voluntary organizations and behavior within a reinvigorated civil society might insidiously erode an ever-widening range of citizenship entitlements. It is, besides, not only New Labours critics on the Left who have distinguished a strand of disingenuousness in these efforts to present the party as competent of combining support for sturdily neo-liberal economic policies with the renaissance of a strong commitment to a revived citizenship agenda. The neoconservative philosopher Roger Scruton has highlighted what he sees as clear parallels between Thatcherism and the practice of New Labour in office. Reminding his readers that out of office, New Labour spokesmen repeatedly castigated the â€Å"culture of greed† which †¦ they associated with big business, with the city, with free trade and free markets, Scruton argues that in office and under Tony Blair: â€Å"Business is still firmly in the driving seat. The Prime Minister appoints business moguls to the House of Lords with the same unconscionable eagerness as Margaret Thatcher †¦ Look at Labour policy in any of the areas in which the capitalist giants have an interest Europe, EMU, mergers and monopolies, the environment, agri-business and you will see electoral promises and moral convictions crumbling before the imperatives of trade. The argument has been accepted, as it was accepted under Thatcher, that prosperity means growth that growth means globalization, and that globalization means the abolition of local restraints †¦ Mr. Blair describes himself as a Christian Socialist: he is no such thing. Like Baroness Thatcher, he is a nineteenth century liberal. He may never have said you cant buck the market but he acts as if it were true†. (Scruton 1998, 24) However, citizenship as recognition and empowerment obviously represents a form of political identity. Nothing here essentially requires the presence of a state in the accepted sense of the term. Actually, for citizenship to mean membership and empowerment within a civil society is as meaningful-and truer to its origins-as for it to mean an indenture made between an individual and a political state. Also, the degree to which this form of political identity can facilitate the empowerment of the individual seems to rely very much on the extent to which citizenship discourse is permitted to take place within an invigorated public sphere. Similarly, for nationalism to denote respect for ones culture is as meaningful, and almost surely more important, than for it to mean obedience to ones political structure; but again, for this to become politically empowering, it needs conditions that make public debate possible. Including citizenship extends the territoriality to take in the entire world and all its (human) inhabitants, while non-modern citizenship aspects to the citizen primary membership and sense of commitment to a non-territorialized (typically culturally defined) group. Though, these interpretations have been rendered trivial by the centrality of one dominant understanding which has leaned to assume a relationship between citizenship and the idea of the state. Citizenship rights to have extended to include social rights, women still had not attained basic civil or political rights. In several cases political rights emerged before civil rights for women, and served as a essential power-base for them. Different groups may attain different stages of citizenship rights at different times. Vogel offers a sharper evaluation of Marshalls perspective, pointing out that the exclusion of women from the citizenship society was a direct. Consequence of the emergence of such entitlements for men. From such a viewpoint, then, the very notion of citizenship can be associated to theories about the patriarchal nature of modern Western societies, in a similar element to the Marxist critique of social democracy and citizenship rights as conflict-reducing but system-serving attempts to evade more structural inequalities. If Citizenship excludes it become pluralistic. Instead of facing the seemingly unattainable task of encouraging a sense of universal human membership, educators are asked instead to underline the multiplicity of identities and memberships. In this respect, the kinds of memberships one might talk concerning may very well be at a more local level than the nation-state. If education seeks to support diversity and the respect for others, it needs to show how there are no universal identities which inevitably exclude all others. Multicultural education for global citizenship means, specifically, that one can identify with ones street, with ones neighborhood, with ones family, with ones ethnic or religious background, with ones nation-state., or with the world as a complete. In short, citizenship is not-should not-be only about identification with or membership of the world as a whole. Instead, it is concerning the rich diversity of such memberships and identifications that make up this gl obe.

The Etymology (and Punctuation) of Fathers Day

The Etymology (and Punctuation) of Fathers Day The Etymology (and Punctuation) of Father’s Day Happy Fathers Day! And what better way to celebrate than with a little etymology? A slap-up meal followed by a nap in the sunshine, you say? There’ll be time for that later! For now, let’s look at where the word â€Å"father† comes from and why we use an apostrophe in â€Å"Fathers Day.† The Etymology of Father Our modern word â€Å"father† comes from the Old English fà ¦der, which meant â€Å"he who begets a child.† This is close to several words for fathers in other languages, including Old Norse (fathir), German (Vater), Sanskrit (pitar), and Latin and Greek (both use pater). In fact, the similarities between these words suggest a common source. As such, most experts trace â€Å"father† to a Proto-Indo-European term. And while we cannot know what this was exactly, it may have been something like pÉ™ter-. Fatherhood is tough when your kids look down on you. Pa, Papa, Dad, and More So if â€Å"father† comes from pÉ™ter-, where does this term come from? It may have evolved from the basic noise â€Å"pa,† which we still see in words like â€Å"papa.† The words â€Å"dad† and â€Å"dada† have similar origins in â€Å"da,† and we see these simple sounds in words for fathers all over the world. The main theory for why we see this pattern so much is that â€Å"da,† â€Å"pa,† and â€Å"ta† are some of the first noises babies can make. The same is true of the â€Å"ma† from â€Å"mama,† which becomes â€Å"mom.† As such, when babies start making noises like â€Å"da† and â€Å"pa,† we assume they’re addressing their parents. And over time, this has led to words like â€Å"dad† and â€Å"pa† entering our everyday speech. Fathers Day vs. Fathers Day As a rule, you should always include an apostrophe in Fathers Day. This is the traditional way of writing it, but it also makes sense. After all, you usually focus on your own father on this day. Thus, the â€Å"Father† in Fathers Day is typically one person, even if that person is different for each of us. Writing â€Å"Fathers Day† or â€Å"Fathers Day,† on the other hand, would imply you’re celebrating fathers in general. And while that would be admirable, you’d need a lot of stamps to send a card to every father in the world. All in all, then, you’re probably better off focusing on your own dad for today.

Choose a 1-2 paragraph passage from ancient Roman times and write a Essay

Choose a 1-2 paragraph passage from ancient Roman times and write a commentary on it - Essay Example This need to declare publically one’s belief during worship is emphasized in the bible, under the book of Romans 10: 9-10: I believe in God the Father Almighty, creator of heaven and earth. The first line of the creed offers a description of God as omnipotent and the maker of all that is in the heavens and the earth. This statement is meant to establish God as the creator and the only force behind creation and put an emphasis on his power. It also gives the origin of humanity and supports the Christian belief that God made man from his own image. This means that every human being was created in the likeness of God, and all persons are equal before the eyes of the Lord (Cooper 1). God is all-powerful and has the control of everything that exists in the universe. This is a quite contrast to some pagan beliefs, especially those found on most eastern religions, of two gods of equal strength. This first line exists to refute these claims and establish God as the only Supreme Being, whose power is unparalleled in the universe (Jones 6). And in Jesus Christ, His only son The second line defines Jesus Christ as the embodied son of God (Inyang 2). This is because many religions that were opposed to Christianity disputed the existence of Jesus Christ; leave alone the belief that he was the son of God. Other religions, such as Islam, consider Jesus to have existed as a mere minor prophet or a teacher. This statement therefore refutes this claim and places belief on Jesus Christ as the only son of God (McFall 1). Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary? Jesus Christ, unlike any other human being, was born in a special manner. His birth into the humanly form was considered special because his mother, Mary, was a virgin at the time of his conception. The book of Matthew: 1: 23, in the New Testament, gives the prophecy of the birth of Christ. It states, â€Å"Behold, the virgin shall be with child and shall bear a Son, and they shall call His name Immanuel, which translated means, ‘God with us’† (New King James Version, Matthew: 1: 23). However, distinction exists between the Christian Catholics and the Protestants about the status of Mary. The Protestants view Mary as the human mother of God as opposed to the Catholics who view Mary as the mother of God (Jones 6). Suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead, and buried Although there were some historical debates as to the necessity of including the Pontius Pilate in the Apostle’s creed, it was quelled down by his historical significance he played in the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (Rufinus 38). The reference to the Pontius Pilate also places importance on the necessity of time line. This is because the reference places Jesus at a specific place in that period. It therefore authenticates the crucifixion of Jesus Christ (Jones 6). He descended into hell This statement is somehow controversial amongst many Christian scholars because it was not present in the roman manuscript and is missing in most protestant manuscripts (Jones 6). The word ‘hell’ in this phrase also does not refer to the hell that is highlighted in the book of revelations, but rather it refers to hades. This phrase refers to the victory of Jesus against death. It shows that Christians need not fear death as Jesus had already won the war for them (Calvin 5). The third day He rose again from the dead; He ascended into heaven, and sitteth on the right

Art History Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art History - Movie Review Example The movie flashes back to 1941; nine years earlier. During this time, Pollock was often drunk and made a living by displaying his paintings in the infrequent group art shows. He was struggling to make a mark in the 1940s New York. As cited Boddy-Evans, this struggle made Pollock to suffer from depression, volatile temper, alcoholism, and self-doubt. The film provides glimpses of the New York art world. The viewers note that the war between creativity and vulnerability to impotent rage, self-doubt, and drunkenness. and alcohol destroys Pollock. He later meets artist Lee Krasner (Harden) and Jackson takes interest in her. Lee Krasner is also a painter and later became his wife and the most tireless champion. Krasner rescues Jackson from his struggles helping him to win the patronage of a rich Peggy Guggenheim. He gives him painting contract worth $2,400. However, his fame results in a wedge between himself and Lee. The casting is excellent as to appear inevitable from the stare of the silent challenge, to the virile baldness, and the manner in which Pollock handles a cigarette like a throwaway extension of his will. The studio scenes are rooted in the moment when Jackson drips pain on the floor accidentally and finds out that his revolutionary controlled splatter technique is everything most people hope for. In its execution, Pollock’s style was singular and joyfully athletic. This makes the viewers believe that they are witnessing the creation of the actual works. The most eye catching sequences demonstrate the manner in which Jackson works on his populous drip paintings, invoking dense disordered patterns with a combination of skill and gravity, along with luck. Harris is comfortable portraying the self-destructive streak of Pollock and its impacts on Krasner. However, his wife, Lee shows the will of iron under her unshakable compassion and

Googles Innovation and Organisation Structure

Googles Innovation and Organisation Structure Google Inc. is an American public corporation, earning revenue from advertising related to its Internet search, e-mail, online mapping, office productivity, social networking, and video sharing services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the same technologies. It was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Bring while they were students at Stanford University. A series of new product developments, acquisitions, and partnerships has always sustained the continual growth of Google. Positive employee relations, environmentalism, philanthropy have been important traits during the growth of Google. It has been identified multiple times as Fortune Magazine’s No1 Best Place to Work, and as the most powerful brand in the world Google’s utility and ease of use have made it one of the world’s best known brands almost entirely through word of mouth from satisfied users. As a business, Google generates revenue by providing advertisers with the opportunity to deliver measurable, cost-effective online advertising that is relevant to the information displayed on any given page. This makes the advertising useful to you as well as to the advertiser placing it.The Google headquarters, the googolplex is located in Mountain View, California(2009 -03-31), the company has 20,164 full-time employees as of March 31, 2009. Products Of Google: Google is mainly known by their search engine. Apart from this Google provides a huge suit of internet related products like Google earth, Google mail, Google news, Google phone, Google calendar Google groups, Google translate, Google images, Google books and other internet related services. Organizational structure and Organizational culture: Specific chronicles are the unfolding convergence of thinking and practice behind knowledge management, organizational learning and complexity theory. Of particular interest are the roles that knowledge management and complexity theory play in this impending consilience of ideas in any organization. One way knowledge management is processing itself of its overly technology-centric reputation in favor of promoting the role it can play in furthering organizational learning. On the other hand, a confident solution in search of unorthodox problems is evolving by complexity theory which has discovered its own true place in the world, an explanation for the means by which living systems engage in adaptive learning and the seminal source of social cognition in living systems. (Mark W. McElroy, 2000) . Goggles remarkable progress shows its organizational behavior. First Google has created a strategic Vision. Creating and expanding knowledge is the key word for Googles success and they believe fundamentally improving the knowledge and share with others, it shows their knowledge management skill. Google is one of the very few companies shows that how technology can be blended with the organizational culture. Organizations are structured depending on their objectives and their culture. Organization is structured as different departments with employees for different functions and responsibilities. Google is keeping minimum hierarchy and redefines management with small teams, innovation and decentralization. Products are developing by small teams and each team is seeking the next break through. Organizational studies and management is dealt with organizational culture which includes attitudes, beliefs and values, experiences of an organization. It has been defined as â€Å"the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization. (Charles W. L. Hill, and Gareth R. Jones, 2001). Google is the organization which is not serious about anything but search. Generating the idea that work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun. To that end, Googles culture is unlike any in corporate world, and its not because of the whimsical lava lamps and large rubber balls, or the fact that one of the chefs used to cook for the Grateful Dead but in simple way Google puts users first when it comes to online services and employees first when it comes to daily life in its offices(Eric Schmidt, the CEO of Google). Google is very innovative in its products and services providing to its customers as well as to employees. Google realizes that their employees have diverse needs and that diversity requires flexibility and individual directed support. so they given priority to offer customizable program that can be tailored to the specific needs of each individual. Innovation Innovation can be defined as a breakthrough approach or idea that can be completely new or an enhancement to something that already exists; it is a refreshing perspective that will challenge many who just cannot see beyond what their own experience is telling them to think or do. Google keeps innovation as its priority. Google understand that everyone is searching for something different because of the diversity in culture, traditions and standards. So understanding the needs of 597 million customers Google is delivering the best possible products. The company’s VP for search, Marissa Mayer, reported that Google had launched 33 different search innovations in 67 days. Google has been known as No 1 in the world on its innovation in search technology. But Google didnt make any money until they started auctioning in advertisements which is appearing alongside of the search results. Now 99% of the company revenue is generating through the web-ads which made the capital now tops $ 100 million. In order to make the employees empowering on new areas of their choice Google is giving 20 % of the employees time unleashes enormous intellectual power to solve the existing problems through innovative solutions. All products released after 2005 and the 50% of the Go ogles products are produced at this 20% independent project time. Products like Google mail, googlecalendar, google calendarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc all are the output of the employees creativity. Developed countries have the location based services like GPS system to locate a place or a building. But in developing countries doesnt have even a documented map to create a GPS system. Here Google India comes with a new innovative form map maker platform .It is developed like a wiki like architecture to leverage the knowledge of the local citizens to create a entire digital road map of their respective countries. The system is like a clean sheet map of a city is loaded on the web, and wiki-like architecture will allow each citizen to draw their streets and roads including the curves on the streets with land marks and the specific changes will be governed by an expertise teams based on their expertise and contribution on specific local areas of the city. City like Islamabad is a very good example of community built digital map with details of street names and addresses in around 90 days. The main advantage of wiki map is always it is current. All this kind of innovations are becaus e Google is based on certain values and principles which is committed to the society or to the world. And recent innovation of Google is the Operating system. Google chrome Operating System is light weight and open source OS which will initially operates in note books but eventually will work on PC . And this open source operating system will be available in markets by the 2nd half of 2010.The main features of Google Chrome is speed, simplicity and security. This Operating system is designed as a fast and lightweight and will start and get into the web in few seconds. The main advantage of Google chrome Operating system is user doesnt have to deal with viruses, malware and security updates. â€Å"Google is coming at this fresh and, because it is based on a set of services that reside on the web, it is the first really post-web operating system, designed from the ground up, and reconceived for a web world,† Mr. Enderle told the BBC. Advantages Of Google Chrome Operating System: Google Chrome OS is a web based application form. It provides quick access to applications and will repair itself. It will run on any just PC no hard drive. It will design documents. Another innovation of Google is Google phone which is not yet released on the market. Google is planning to release in the beginning of next year. The phone is called Nexus One based on open software platform called Android. It allows the users to use it as an easy programming interface with other cell phone features. The software is developing by Google and the hardware is by htc Inc.The new Google phone will be having a touch screen and Google has been tempted to do this because of the shift of internet usage to mobile phones. So for the developer it is easier to customize phone applications that can access cell phones hardware functions. Bibliography : http://www.newnatureofinnovation.org/google_india.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8139711.stm http://www.think-differently.org/2007/08/google-on-innovation.html http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9142119/Google_Microsoft_s_war_of_innovation_changing_face_of_search http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2009/jul/08/google-chrome-operating-system http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703757404574592530591075444.html References: Mark W. McElroy, Integrating complexity theory, knowledge management and organizational learning journal on knowledge management (2000) pp 195-203 Charles W. L. Hill, and Gareth R. Jones, (2001)Strategic Management.Houghton Mifflin, pp 123-127 http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/07/introducing-google-chrome-os.html http://www.ovum.com/news/euronews.asp?id=8313 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8139711.stm http://a2zindianews.com/2009/11/20/function-and-advantages-of-google-chrome-google-chrome-launched-in-india-about-google-chrome/

Modern Racism Essay

Racism is a problem that has characterized the American society from the historical past and has refused to go away. Though at present, racism is not depicted in overt terms but still kept observations reveal that racism still raises its ugly head in an institutionalized manner. The dream as projected by Martin Luther King Junior where he hoped for a society in which individuals would be judged by the content of their character as opposed to the color of their skin has failed to be fully realized. This paper shall aspire to look at the evidence of racism in the modern American society by citing up specific examples from the various incidences in the country. Background: Despite the tremendous achievements that have been realized following the civil rights legislations, racism has remained one of the most pressing social issues in the American society. Racism is often treated as an issue of the past but in reality, racism is still thriving within the American society. This however can be traced not in the overt practices as the case of the Jim Crow laws in the Southern States at the height of the Civil War, but rather in the covert ways (Wheeler, 2005, p 5). The blame campaigns being witnessed in the American society is a clear example of racism in modern times. In the recent times, the victims have been blamed for the predicament that they find themselves. For instance, the unemployed are blamed for unemployment; those who are not educated are being faulted for not accessing education; and the homeless are being blamed for not having the homes (Dols, 2004, para 3). Evidence of Modern Racism: There has been some statistics that were revealed by studies indicating some biasness in events leading to unemployment and lopsided delivery of criminal justice. After the economic booms of the 1990s, majority of those affected by the economic downturn were the blacks. In the early 2000s, the rate of unemployment amongst the blacks was said to be rising at a faster rate compared to the unemployment rate of the whites (Wheeler, 2005, p 75). The lay-offs that were carried in some of the big corporations including Coca-Cola; Sears; and J. P. Morgan reflect on issues of discrimination in modern times. The African American work force in these corporations comprised of 18% at Coca-Cola, 16% at Sears and J. P. Morgan and yet the lay-offs at these corporations had high proportions of the black workforce with percentages given as 42, 54 and 30 for the respective corporations (Dols, 2004, para 5). Another study at the University of Chicago revealed that African Americans applying for a job were more likely to be denied the opportunity than their white counterparts using the name criterion. It is also worthy noting that studies indicate that African Americans are most likely be found guilty of drug offences compared to the whites (Cole and Smith, 2006, p 16). Apart from the examples provided above, the Africa Americans have continued to bear the consequences of the slavery and the Jim Crow rules at the height of discriminative policies in the United States (Smith, 1995, p 6). Conclusion: The incidences of racism are rampant in our society even though most individuals would think that we have advanced from the dark years. The government and the stakeholders need to be proactive in addressing the issue of modern day racism through the enhancement of affirmative policy actions that would bring parity and stop propagation of the racism connotations. Work Cited: Cole, George, F. and Christopher E. Smith. 2006. The American System of Criminal Justice. Cengage Learning, ISBN 0495006017, 9780495006015 Dols, Chris. 2004. Racism lives on in modern America. Retrieved on 17th August 2010 from; http://badgerherald. com/oped/2004/11/18/racism_lives_on_in_m. php. Smith, C. Robert. 1995. Racism in the post-civil rights era: now you see it, now you don’t. SUNY Press, ISBN 0791424383, 9780791424384 Wheeler, Albert, J. 2005. Racism: a selected bibliography. Nova Publishers, ISBN 1594544794, 9781594544798

An ecosystem as a community Essay

Introduction An ecosystem is a community of living organisms (plants, animals and microbes) in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system.[2] These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.[3] As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment,[4] they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces[5] (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).[6] Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbonfrom the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter,decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.[7] Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, the parent material which forms the soil and topography, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves influenced by the ecosystem.[8] Other external factors include time and potential biota. Ecosystems are dynamic entities—invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance.[9] Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can have very different characteristics simply because they contain different species.[8] Theintroduction of non-native species can cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function. Internal factors not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to feedback loops.[8] While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate and parent material, the  availability of these resources within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading.[8] Other internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present. Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.[8] Biodiversity affects ecosystem function, as do the processes of disturbance and succession. Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend; the principles of ecosystem management suggest that rather than managing individual species,natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself. Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management, but there is no single, agreed-upon way to do this. Classification Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management.[42] A variety of systems exist, based on vegetation cover, remote sensing, and bioclimatic classification systems.[42] American geographer Robert Bailey defines a hierarchy of ecosystem units ranging from microecosystems (individual homogeneous sites, on the order of 10 square kilometres (4 sq mi) in area), through mesoecosystems (landscape mosaics, on the order of 1,000 square kilometres (400 sq mi)) to macroecosystems (ecoregions, on the order of 100,000 square kilometres (40,000 sq mi)).[43] Bailey outlined five different methods for identifying ecosystems: gestalt (â€Å"a whole that is not derived through considerable of its parts†), in which regions are recognized and boundaries drawn intuitively; a map overlay system where different layers like geology, landforms and soil types are overlain to identify ecosystems; multivariate clustering of site attrib utes; digital image processing of remotely sensed data grouping areas based on their appearance or other spectral properties; or by a â€Å"controlling factors method† where a subset of factors (like soils, climate, vegetation physiognomy or the distribution of plant or animal species) are selected from a large array of possible ones are used to delineate ecosystems.[44] In contrast with  Bailey’s methodology, Puerto Rico ecologist Ariel Lugo and coauthors identified ten characteristics of an effective classification system: that it be based on georeferenced, quantitative data; that it should minimize subjectivity and explicitly identify criteria and assumptions; that it should be structured around the factors that drive ecosystem processes; that it should reflect the hierarchical nature of ecosystems; that it should be flexible enough to conform to the various scales at which ecosystem management operates; that it should be tied to reliable measures of climate so that it can â€Å"anticipat[e] global climate change; that it be applicable worldwide; that it should be validated against independent data; that it take into account the sometimes complex relationship between climate, vegetation and ecosystem functioning; and that it should be able to adapt and improve as new data become available†.[42] Types Aquatic ecosystem An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water. Communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environment live in aquatic ecosystems. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems andfreshwater ecosystems.[1] Marine ecosystems: cover approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface and contain approximately 97% of the planet’s water. They generate 32% of the world’s net primary production.[1] They are distinguished from freshwater ecosystems by the presence of dissolved compounds, especially salts, in the water. Approximately 85% of the dissolved materials in seawater are sodium and chlorine. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand (ppt) of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems.[2] Large marine ecosystems: (LMEs) are regions of the world’s oceans, encompassing coastal areas from river basins and estuaries to the seaward boundaries of continental shelves and the outer margins of the major ocean current systems. They are relatively large regions on the order of 200,000 km ² or greater, characterized by distinct bathymetry, hydrography, productivity, and trophically dependent populations. The system of LMEs has been developed by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric  Administration (NOAA) to identify areas of the oceans for conservation purposes. The objective is to use the LME concept as a tool for enabling ecosystem-based management to provide a collaborative approach to management of resources within ecologically-bounded transnational areas. This will be done in an international context and consistent with customary international law as reflected in 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.[1] LME-based conservation is based on recognition that the world’s coastal ocean waters are degraded by unsustainable fishing practices, habitat degradation, eutrophication, toxic pollution, aerosol contamination, and emerging diseases, and that positive actions to mitigate these threats require coordinated actions by governments and civil society to recover depleted fish populations, restore degraded habitats and reduce coastal pollution. Although the LMEs cover only the continental margins and not the deep oceans and oceanic islands, the 64 LMEs produce 95% of the world’s annual marine fishery biomassyields. Most of the global ocean pollution, overexploitation, and coastal habitat alteration occur within their waters. NOAA has conducted studies of principal driving forces affecting changes in biomass yields for 33 of t he 64 LMEs, which have been peer-reviewed and published in ten volumes.[2] Freshwater ecosystems: are a subset of Earth’s aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, and vegetation. Freshwater ecosystems can be divided into lentic ecosystems (still water) and lotic ecosystems (flowing water). Limnology (and its branch freshwater biology) is a study about freshwater ecosystems. It is a part of hydrobiology. Original efforts to understand and monitor freshwater ecosystems were spurred on by threats to human health (ex. Cholera outbreaks due to sewage contamination). Early monitoring focussed on chemical indicators, then bacteria, and finally algae, fungi and protozoa. A new type of monitoring involves differing groups of organisms (macroinvertebrates, macrophytes and fish) and the stream conditions associated with them. Current biomonitering techniques focus mainly on community structure or biochemical oxygen demand. Responses  are measured by behavioural changes, altered rates of growth, reproduction or mortality. Macroinvertebrates are most often used in these models because of well known taxonomy, ease of collection, sensitivity to a range of stressors, and their overall value to the ecosystem. Most of these measurements are difficult to extrapolate on a large scale however. The use of reference sites is common when assessing what a healthy freshwater ecosystem should â€Å"look like†. Reference sites are easier to reconstruct in standing water than moving water. Preserved indicators such as diatom valves, macrophyte pollen, insect chitin and fish scales can be used to establish a reference ecosystem representative of a time before lar ge scale human disturbance. Common chemical stresses on freshwater ecosystem health include acidification, eutrophication and copper and pesticide contamination. Lake ecosystems :The ecosystem of a lake includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions.[1] Lake ecosystems are a prime examples of lentic ecosystems. Lentic refers to standing or relatively still water, from the Latin lentus, which means sluggish. Lentic waters range from ponds to lakes to wetlands, and much of this article applies to lentic ecosystems in general. Lentic ecosystems can be compared withlotic ecosystems, which involve flowing terrestrial waters such as rivers and streams. Together, these two fields form the more general study area of freshwater or aquatic ecology. Lentic systems are diverse, ranging from a small, temporary rainwater pool a few inches deep to Lake Baikal, which has a maximum depth of 1740 m.[2] The general distinction between pools/ponds and lakes is vague, but Brown[1] states that ponds and pools have their entire bottom surfaces exposed to light, while lakes do not. In addition, some lakes become seasonally stratified (discussed in more detail below.) Ponds and pools have two regions: the pelagic open water zone, and the benthic zone, which comprises the bottom and shore regions. Since lakes have deep bottom regions not exposed to light, these systems have an additional zone, the profundal.[3] These three areas can have very different abiotic conditions and, hence, host species that are specifically adapted to live there.[1] River ecosystem The ecosystem of a river is the river viewed as a system operating in its natural environment, and includes biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions.[1][2] River ecosystems are prime examples of lotic ecosystems. Lotic refers to flowing water, from the Latin lotus, washed. Lotic waters range from springs only a few centimeters wide to major rivers kilometers in width.[3] Much of this article applies to lotic ecosystems in general, including related lotic systems such as streams and springs. Lotic ecosystems can be contrasted with lentic ecosystems, which involve relatively still terrestrial waters such as lakes and ponds. Together, these two fields form the more general study area of freshwater or aquatic ecology. The following unifying characteristics make the ecology of running waters unique from that of other aquatic habitats.[4] Flow is unidirectional. There is a state of continuous physical change. There is a high degree of spatial and temporal heterogeneity at all scales (microhabitats). Variability between lotic systems is quite high.  The biota is specialized to live with flow conditions. Wetland ECOSYSTEM A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem.[2] Primarily, the factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetationthat is adapted to its unique soil conditions. Wetlands consist primarily of hydric soil, which supports aquatic plants.[3][4] The water found in wetlands can be saltwater, freshwater, or brackish.[4] Main wetland types include swamps, marshes, bogs and fens.[5]Sub-types include mangrove, carr, pocosin, and varzea. Wetlands play a number of roles in the environment, principally water purification, flood control, and shoreline stability. Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and  animal life.[6] Wetlands occur naturally on every continent except Antarctica.[7] They can also be constructed artificially as a water management tool, which may play a role in the developing field of water-sensitive urban design. The largest wetlands in the world include the Amazon River basin and the West Siberian Plain.[8] Another large wetland is the Pantanal, which straddles Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay in South America.[9] The UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment determined that environmental degradation is more prominent within wetland systems than any other ecosystem on Earth. International conservation efforts are being used in conjunction with the development of rapid assessment tools to inform people about wetland issues. Terrestrial ecosystem A terrestrial ecosystem is an ecosystem found only on landforms. Six primary terrestrial ecosystems exist: tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, tropical rain forest,grassland and desert.[1] A community of organisms and their environment that occurs on the land masses of continents and islands. Terrestrial ecosystems are distinguished from aquatic ecosystems by the lower availability of water and the consequent importance of water as a limiting factor. Terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by greater temperature fluctuations on both a diurnal and seasonal basis than occur in aquatic ecosystems in similar climates. The availability of light is greater in terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems because the atmosphere is more transparent in land than in water. Gases are more available in terrestrial ecosystems than in aquatic ecosystems. Those gases include carbon dioxide that serves as a substrate for photosynthesis, oxygen that serves as a substrate in aerobic respiration, and nitrogen that serves as a substrate for nitrogen fixation. Terrestrial environments are segmented into a subterranean portion from which most water and ions are obtained, and an atmospheric portion from which gases are obtained and where the physical energy of light is transformed into the organic energy of carbon-carbon bonds through the process of photosynthesis. Terrestrial ecosystems occupy 55,660,000 mi2 (144,150,000 km2), or 28.2%, of Earth’s surface. Although they are comparatively recent in the history of life (the first terrestrial organisms appeared in the Silurian Period, about 425 million years ago) and  occupy a much smaller portion of Earth’s surface than marine ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems have been a major site of adaptive radiation of both plants and animals. Major plant taxa in terrestrial ecosystems are members of the division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants), of which there are about 275,000 species, and the division Pinophyta (conifers), of which there are about 500 species. Members of the division Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts), of which there are about 24,000 species, are also important in some terrestrial ecosystems. Major animal taxa in terrestrial ecosystems include the classes Insecta (insects) with about 900,000 species, Aves (birds) with 8500 species, and Mammalia (mammals) with approximately 4100 species. Organisms in terrestrial ecosystems have adaptations that allow them to obtain water when the entire body is no longer bathed in that fluid, means of transporting the water from limited sites of acquisition to the rest of the body, and means of preventing the evaporation of water from body surfaces. They also have traits that provide body support in the atmosphere, a much less buoyant medium than water, and other traits t hat render them capable of withstanding the extremes of temperature, wind, and humidity that characterize terrestrial ecosystems. Finally, the organisms in terrestrial ecosystems have evolved many methods of transporting gametes in environments where fluid flow is much less effective as a transport medium. The organisms in terrestrial ecosystems are integrated into a functional unit by specific, dynamic relationships due to the coupled processes of energy and chemical flow. Those relationships can be summarized by schematic diagrams of trophic webs, which place organisms according to their feeding relationships. The base of the food web is occupied by green plants, which are the only organisms capable of utilizing the energy of the Sun and inorganic nutrients obtained from the soil to produce organic molecules. Terrestrial food webs can be broken into two segments based on the status of the plant material that enters them. Grazing food webs are associated with the consumption of living plant material by herbivores. Detritus food webs are associated with the consumption of dead plant material by detritivores. Th e relative importance of those two types of food webs varies considerably in different types of terrestrial ecosystems. Grazing food webs are more important in grasslands, where over half of net primary productivity may be consumed by herbivores. Detritus food webs are more important in forests, where less  than 5% of net primary productivity may be consumed by herbivores. There is one type of extensive terrestrial ecosystem due solely to human activities and eight types that are natural ecosystems. Those natural ecosystems reflect the variation of precipitation and temperature over Earth’s surface. The smallest land areas are occupied by tundra and temperate grassland ecosystems, and the largest land area is occupied by tropical forest. The most productive ecosystems are temperate and tropical forests, and the least productive are deserts and tundras. Cultivated lands, which together with grasslands and savannas utilized for grazing are referred to as agroecosystems, are of intermediate extent and productivity. Because of both their areal extent and their high average productivity, tropical forests are the most productive of all terrestrial ecosystems, contributing 45% of total estimated net primary productivity on land. CAUSES OF DESTRUCTION The degradation of ecosystems is an environmental problem that diminishes the capacity of species to survive. This degradation occurs in different ways and is manifested in a reduction in the richness of the ecosystems as well as their biological diversity, and in the goods and services they can offer, thereby affecting indigenous and/or migratory species. The degradation of ecosystems due to overexploitation of their resources, though serving a short-term economic goal, has had direct negative effects on social welfare in the medium and long terms. As long as the ecosystem is not degraded, it represents a source of wealth for society, hence the importance of keeping it in good condition. One of the main causes that contributes to the degradation of ecosystems is the deforestation due to the advance of the agriculture frontier and inappropriate forest exploitation. More lands are deforested for commercial agriculture and live-stock rearing, and due to overexploitation of forest for wood and energy. In Nicaragua deforestation rates reach over 150,000 hectares per year and in Costa Rica over 18,500 hectares per year. At a lower scale, another problem is the uncontrolled fires used to prepare land for agricultural activities or to remove forest for the development of stock rearing areas. This practice eliminates the organic covering of the land, making it more susceptible to erosion by both  wind and water. In addition, the fires cause health problems and detract from the aesthetic value of the landscape. Accidental or natural fires are another case in point. They affect areas of natural forest. In the Upala and Los Chiles cantons, in Costa Rica, some 10,000 hectares were burned between 1998 and 1999. This problem is even more serious in the Nicaraguan territory of the basin. Equipment is lacking and communities need to be organized to control t hese fires as one of the main barriers to the burning of large areas. The construction of roads without proper drainage measures or in territories subject to penetration and settlement are high-stress factors for ecosystems, especially those which are highly fragile as a result of their weather conditions and the nature of their soil and water. Mining and the extraction of construction materials without taking measures to cushion the impact cause drastic changes in the natural landscape while degrading its valuable ecosystems. Wetlands are very fragile ecosystems that are being severely affected, causing a reduction in the number and diversity of the species of terrestrial flora, birds, reptiles, mammals, fish, and crustaceans. This problem results from excessive exploitation of wildlife species either to feed the population, to trade their furs, or to trade live species, and from sedimentation, which causes changes in water quality, thereby significantly affecting the reproduction of aquatic species that live and/or reproduce in the wetlands. The SJRB wetlands are very valuable ecosystems, which regulate the hydrological cycle and provide food and shelter for hundreds of species, including large quantities of migratory birds. One major cause of the deterioration of this ecosystem is the draining of wide areas of wetlands to give access to agricultural zones or human settlements. Aerial photographs of the Caà ±o Negro sector show how the pools of water have diminished over time, due in part to the drainage of wetlands for agricultural purposes and to the sedimentation occurring in recent years in the basin. Owing to the deterioration of these areas and the pressure of the neighboring communities on the use of the natural resources of the wetlands, it is necessary to draw up management plans to outline the socioeconomic characteristics of users and guidelines for usage, since people are highly dependent on these resources for their survival. A large portion of the ecological problems of the wetlands is due to ignorance of their benefits. The use of inappropriate fishing techniques endangers the  existence of certain species, altering the food chain of aquatic fauna and consequently deteriorating the aquatic ecosystems. This is the case of the bull shark that is now hard to find in Lake Nicaragua or in the San Juan River. In some cases, the introduction of exotic species endangers the existence of indigenous species with a high cultural value. Such is the case of the guapote, whose numbers are being reduced by the introduction of tilapias. The deterioration of ecosystems is exacerbated by the lack of an institutional presence in the territory, be it for technical or economic reasons, or a combination of both. As a result, laws on the regulation and control of natural resource use are not enforced. The participation of civil society in controlling the use and exploitation of natural resources is limited and, in many cases, very timid or markedly apathetic. One aspect that has not been evaluated in the degradation of the ecosystems is the incidence of different phenomena on these systems. The geographic location of the SJRB and the various geographic accidents encountered there render it susceptible to the impact of various events of this kind. In the SJRB there are a number of active volcanoes, which spew gas and ash causing damage to the plant life, the soil, polluting water bodies, and causing severe damage to entire populations. These volcanoes include the Masaya, the Maderas, and the Irazà º. Another natural phenomenon in the SJRB is landslides which, though located in specific areas, cause damage to the ecosystems, the soil, pollute water bodies, damage infrastructure and entire settlements. The Maderas volcano on the island Ometepe is a case in point. Similarly, during the last century, the SJRB has suffered the destructive effects of at least three hurricanes which, with their heavy rainfall, cause flooding damaging ecosystems, eroding soil, diverting river courses, causing severe damage to infrastructure and entire populations, resulting in the loss of human lives. Other natural phenomena that have caused damage to the ecosystems of the SJRB are the droughts that have occurred as a result of the El Nià ±o and seismic activity, which have changed river courses, particularly in the case of the Tipitapa River that provided a permanent connection between the Managua and Nicaragua lakes. As a result of an earthquake during the last century, the riverbed rose in a certain sector cutting off the existing connection between the two lakes. The degradation of the ecosystems makes the economic and social infrastructure of the SJRB more vulnerable and  increases the potential impact on the population. This vulnerability is reflected in shorter periods between the occurrence of floods or droughts and the soil becomes more unstable. Possible solutions to the problem of deterioration of the ecosystems include developing formal and informal environmental education programs to make farmers more aware of their actions; increasing enforcement of the existing l egislation; promoting proper natural resource management; and promoting the organization of grassroots groups to control burning from the outset. To prevent or mitigate the damage caused by extreme conditions, such as flooding and droughts and other effects of natural phenomena, it is necessary to set up and early warning system about possible swelling of water bodies and to monitor hydrometeorological behavior. It is also necessary to set up a seismographic network to monitor the behavior of volcanoes and tectonic faults. Similarly, social organization is necessary to design and test emergency plans for natural phenomena, to reduce the damage they cause. Institutions responsible for the control and regulation of natural resource use must be strengthened, both technically and economically, and be given the means for their mobilization. This would enable them to have a real presence in the territory. It is also necessary to create mechanisms for enforcing the current legislation. Conservation practices to save ecosystem Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the natural environment on individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the natural environment and humans. Due to the pressures of population and technology, the biophysical environment is being degraded, sometimes permanently. This has been recognized, and governments have begun placing restraints on activities that cause environmental degradation. Since the 1960s, activity of environmental movements has created awareness of the various environmental issues. There is no agreement on the extent of the environmental impact of human activity, and protection measures are occasionally criticized. Academic institutions now offer courses, such as environmental studies, environmental management and environmental engineering, that teach the history and methods of environment protection. Protection of the environment is needed due to various human  activities. Waste production, air pollution, and loss of biodiversity (resulting from the introduction of invasive species and species extinction) are some of the issues related to environmental protection. Environmental protection is influenced by three interwoven factors: environmental legislation, ethics and education. Each of these factors plays its part in influencing national-level environmental decisions and personal-level environmental values and behaviors. For environmental protection to become a reality, it is important for societies to develop each of these areas that, together, will inform and drive environmental decisions.[1] How to Save Our Ecosystem Instructions Educate yourself about your local environment. Starting small and learning about the plants and animals in your immediate surroundings will give you an appreciation for the enormous variety of ecosystems on our earth. It will also help you understand how you fit into your natural surroundings and get you thinking about the effects of your actions. When you flush the toilet, where does your water go? When you wash the car and soap runs off into the street, what does that soap go on to affect? What animals do you disturb by replacing native vegetation with nonnative landscaping? Asking yourself these questions is a one of the first steps to reducing your carbon footprint. 2  Find an activist group in your area with a cause you support. It can be a local issue, such as preserving open space in your community, or a more widespread issue, like passing legislation that requires cars to produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Being part of a group allows you to meet like-minded people and work toward a common environmental goal. Sponsored Links Homeworks for free We answer 1000 questions daily Free and fast brainly.in 3Consider the implications of your consumerism. Everything you buy has a product life cycle, or a history of how it was produced using what materials. When possible, reduce the impact of your purchase by buying products that are made locally and/or are manufactured from recycled materials. 4  Eat local, organic food. Local food travels less distance from farm to your table, which means that it has a lower carbon footprint, is fresher, and supports your community’s farmers. Organic food is produced without the use of chemical pesticides or fertilizers, and without genetically modified crops. Chemical pesticides and fertilizers can get into the natural environment and harm existing plants and animals; genetically modified crops reduce biodiversity by encouraging a monoculture farm. 5  Travel wisely to decrease your carbon footprint. Use alternative methods of transportation whenever feasible—walk to the store, ride your bike to work, take public transportation downtown. When you do drive, accelerate and decelerate gradually to conserve gas. Also, make sure that your tires are properly inflated and that the emissions system on your vehicle is well maintained.